Juvenile Criminals Should be Treated as Adults Essay Example For Students

Juvenile Criminals Should be Treated as Adults Essay July 17th, 2003As more and more adolescents are committing heinous crimes that were in the past restricted to adults, the society is demanding that these criminals be put behind bars and treated as adults, not as juveniles as they were in the past. The argument is, if the adolescents commit adult crimes then they must be prepared to be punished like adults as well for the following reasons. One reason is because they are younger, more brutal, and completely unafraid of the law. Violent teenage criminals are increasingly vicious. Young people, often suffer from broken homes or so-called dysfunctional families, who commit murder, rape, robbery, kidnapping, and other violent acts. These emotionally damaged young people often are the products of sexual or physical abuse. They live in an aimless and violent present and have no sense of the past and no hope for the future. Therefore, they should be responsible for what they do because they are conscious of what is done everyday and they should be also responsible for what they do. A child of the age of 7 or more can differentiate the good and bad and this one can chose, but if one child is influenced by a criminal adult, this one has a better chance to become a criminal. Another reason is because the rate of juvenile criminals is increasing even more than the adults. In 1996, for every 100,000 teenagers, 465 were arrested for violent crime, compared with 318 arrests per 100,000 adults. And the Justice Department reports that if current trends continue, the number of juveniles arrested for violent crimes will be more than double by the year 2010. The third reason why we need to treat juvenile criminals as adults is because if violent juvenile offenders are put in juvenile detention facilities, they can have a very bad impact on other juvenile offenders who have not committed such serious crimes. Though we like to believe that time in prison rehabilitates offenders, it is unfortunately true that often the only thing criminals learn in jail is how to be better criminals. If violent juvenile offenders are held with other juveniles, they may teach the other juveniles to be violent; but if violent juvenile offenders are treated like adults, they cannot do that. In 1993, the Department of Justice conducted a study and found that 43% of juveniles in juvenile detention facilities had been arrested more than 5 times, and that over 20% had been arrested more than 10 times. In addition, juvenile criminals must be placed were adult criminals are because they are corrupted. Finally, because the crimes of youths have become more aggressive, the punishment they receive has also had to become more aggressive. In the last ten years, states have turned to criminalization in response to the increase of violent criminal behavior among juveniles the right to a trial by jury. Justice administrators are finally beginning to realize that without strong repercussions, juveniles are just going to become increasingly more violent. So, they made an agreement that if juvenile criminals are able to commit crimes, they will also be able to support the punishment deserve for any crime they commit. Indeed, Juvenile criminals should be tried in the adult court s ystem to insure that they will not be back again damaging our society and causing more death in the world. If they commit an adult crime, give them adult time!

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a significant step forward that caters for improving the health care in the United States. President Obama signed the Act into law in March 2010. The Act is now consistent with the advocacy principles that are adopted in the AAFP Congress of Delegates as from October 2009.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the implementation of the Act came amidst reactions from various states. Organizations together with other lawmakers came up with some opposing forces on the bill. The main idea behind their opposing forces was because of the key provisions in the bill. Some of the provisions within the bill claimed that individual fines from failing to purchase the insurance does not work within the scope of taxing powers of the Congress. Among the states that reacted over t he act is Iowa, which used its legislators to sue the progress (DPC 3). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) also known as the Obamacare plan, has various provisions contained therein to cater for the health needs of the citizens. There is inclusion of a parent clause that deals with prior policies on health and makes the Act to be exempted from the policies (Pipes 5). The first provision is the guaranteed issue clause. This requires the health policies to be issued to the citizens without any discrimination regarding their medical condition. Pipes (161) further indicates that the law also requires insurers to exercise partial community rating whereby same premiums must be issued to applicants within the same geographical location or age (8). Gender should not be considered a discriminating factor or prior existing conditions with the exception of tobacco use. This paper will examine the reaction of some states notably Iowa and Virginia. It will also evaluate the d ifferences in their reactions and implementation of the Act. Objectives The study seeks to establish the economic impacts of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on the public and the various states. Specifically this study will seek to: Investigate the impacts of the act on the public To investigate the impacts of the act on the various states To find out reasons why the states of Iowa and Virginia rejected the act The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The Act states that all citizens who are not insured by their employer, Medicaid, Medicare or any other public insurance program, must ensure that they are under a private insurance policy failure to which they will pay a penalty (DPC 5). This is however not applicable to members of religious sects recognized by the Internal Revenue Service or have been ignored due to financial hardships.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More The third provision requires health insurance exchanges to operate in every state in the country and ensure that citizens can choose from various policies and premiums. This means that there should be a variety of premiums available in the market. The Act also caters for low income earners. It provides for federal subsidies to be granted on a sliding scale to families between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level (DPC 7). This is however subject to them purchasing an insurance premium through an exchange. The Supreme Court however left a loophole in the legislation when it allowed some states to exclude themselves out of the Medicaid expansion (Pipes 18). These states are however required to set up their own parameters on the eligibility of the members. Most of the states under this category fall under the 133% threshold. Another provision requires states and insurers to set the policies’ standards and bans policies that cover the lifetime of a poli cyholder. A range of taxes and offsets (DPC 8) funds the provisions under the Act. Most of the revenue is derived from expanded Medicare tax especially on incomes in excess of $200,000 and $250,000. Other sources according to Gibson and Pranad (154) include a 40% excise tax on insurance policies, tax on pharmaceuticals, expensive diagnostic equipment, a 10% tax charged on the sales tax of indoor tanning services and a percentage from the annual fee charged on insurance providers. Offsets on the other hand are derived from expected savings from the costs related to Medicare Advantage programs. Under this Act, the federal government was going to pay full costs for three years and then shift the costs gradually to the state (DPC 8). The cost was to be shifted in 10% installments over time. However, a few concerns were raised regarding the long-term viability of the model. From an outsider’s point of view, this could be the best thing to ever happen to a country. The uproar creat ed by the Republicans and citizens left many wondering what was wrong with this law. Due to the ruling in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, many states reacted differently to the Act. The ruling contradicted many aspects that had been made clear to the people by the president and other relevant authorities with knowledge. This is despite the fact that the Act provides some incredible guidelines to achieve high-quality provision of healthcare in the country.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reactions by the Iowa state Iowa is one of the many states that reacted on the approval of the Act by the president. The state used the governor in signing a lawsuit against the federal health care. According to the governor, the lawsuit will challenge personal mandate of the healthcare bill, which forces Iowans to purcha se health insurance from the federal government, which is mandatory. Additionally, the law gives option for the expansion of Medicaid, which is quite costly making the residents of the state to cut on their other programs. The impact of the health care bill will completely disorganize the state budget thereby freezing significant activities. Considering that the governor is trying to process a five-year budget, inclusion of the law in the budget will affect the Iowa taxpayers. Iowa people view the law as an impediment on their success in development. An additional expense on their income will alter their daily chores expenses thereby affecting the general development of the state. From the taxpayers’ perspective, they risk paying more taxes, which can be a substitute for other important activities (Danielson par 3). On the contrary, some have positive hopes on the implementation of the law. From their perspective, the law will help the Iowa state to fulfill its goals of prote ction and promotion of health and welfare of the public. Considering that health care is a crucial factor in most regions, implementation of the law would help in solving health issues that concerns the society at an affordable rate. Reactions by the Virginia State Another state to react on the health care law signed by the president is Virginia. According to the people of the state, the healthcare reform requires people to purchase health insurance, which presents unconstitutionality in the nation. Another reason that the state reacted upon the law was the individual mandate of purchasing the law together with the direct dependent provisions that the law provides to the citizens (Kousser and Justin 42). According to the sector of individual mandate, the law requires all the citizens to purchase the insurance by 2014 or face a penalty for not buying. From the legal point of view, the final language of the law misleadingly mentions the penalty tax, prior its name being a penalty in t he draft language before passing the final bill. The factor of penalty and tax is a paradox considering that the constitution requires the federal government to impose taxes with a penalty imposed to those who violate the constitution. In a law-abiding country, individuals should be given a chance constitutionally to accept some of the laws implemented by the government (Pecquet par 6).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Factors that led to the Different Reactions by the Two States Even though a myriad of explanations were given as to why the law should be rejected, it is evident that the rejections were significantly fuelled by politics. This is due to the belief that a change of guard i.e. from a Democrat to a Republican, would likely amplify the probability that this law would have less strict federal requirements (Pipes 12). It is therefore not by coincidence that most of the states that opposed the enactment of this law are made up of majority Republicans and conservatives. However, the reactions from Iowa were more explosive when compared to the reactions from Virginia (Steinglass 216). The Iowa Republicans were very vocal on the issue and were adamant to accept the law until the time their concerns were addressed. Being at the helm of the specific states, the implementation of this law depended hugely on these people’s influence on the budget of the states and other forms of lobbying w ithin the health sector. This is what some of the politicians from the two states had to say: In Iowa, most of the Republicans were against the law. Being the majority, they were the ones who were charged with the responsibility of implementing the Act and much depended on their stand on the issue. For instance, Congressman Steve King stated that the Supreme Court’s ruling in favor of the Act was not in line with what lower courts had decided regarding the matter. According to King, the lower courts had agreed that the individual mandate could not be treated as a form of tax and therefore could not be implemented by the Congress’ powers on taxation. He also emphasized that the Supreme Court ruling was in contradiction with President Obama’s views since he had earlier stated on national television during a debate that the individual mandate was not a tax (DPC 8). That was the case before the law was passed into a bill. Subsequently, the government defended the ma ndate under Congress’ â€Å"taxing and spending power† (DPC 9). Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to present the details of the approach to the research. The approach should be illustrated to increase the validity of the research. The approach to the research was done considering a research onion. Therefore, the methodology chapter will be considered by a discussion of the philosophy of the research, the approach, strategy of the research, data collection, and the focus group. Research Onion The diagram below displays the research process, which resembles an onion. A research onion was used to provide a description of the methodology of the research. The research onion presents a clear framework of the methodology employed. As shown in the diagram above, it has layers representing every item consulted. Through each layer, the research questions will be answered. Using the outer layer, there are various philosophies considered as shown bellow. Works Cited Dan ielson, Dar. Iowa governor signs onto Florida lawsuit against federal health care. 2011. 18 March 2013. https://www.radioiowa.com/2011/01/18/iowa-governor-signs-onto-florida-lawsuit-against-federal-health-care/. DPC. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. 2010. 18 March 2013. https://www.dpc.senate.gov/healthreformbill/healthbill04.pdf. Gibson, Rosemary and Prasad, Janardan. The Battle over Health Care: What Obama’s Reform Means for America’s Future. Plymouth : Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2012. Print. Kousser, Thad and Justin, Phillips. The Power of American Governors. 2013. 18 March 2013. http://www.columbia.edu/~jhp2121/publications/ThePowerOfAmericanGovernors.pdf Pecquet, Julian. Federal judge rules against new healthcare law in Virginia lawsuit. 2010. 18 March 2013. https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/133357-virginia-ruling-expected-to-set-stage-for-supreme-court-battle. Pipes, Sally. The Truth about Obamacare. Washington: Regnery Publishing Inc, 201 0. Print. Steinglass, Steven, and Gino, Scarselli. The Ohio State Constitution: A Reference Guide. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2004. Print. This research paper on Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was written and submitted by user JackPower to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mass Murder at Babi Yar Ravine

Mass Murder at Babi Yar Ravine Before there were gas chambers, the Nazis used guns to kill Jews and others in large numbers during the Holocaust. Babi Yar, a ravine located just outside of  Kiev, was the site where  the Nazis  murdered approximately 100,000 people. The killing began with a large group on September 29-30, 1941, but continued for months. The German Takeover After the Nazis attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, they pushed east. By September 19, they had reached Kiev. It was a confusing time for the inhabitants of Kiev. Though a large portion of the population had family either in the Red Army or had evacuated into the interior of the Soviet Union, many inhabitants welcomed the German Armys takeover of Kiev. Many believed the Germans would free them from Stalins oppressive regime. Within days they would see the true face of the invaders. Explosions Looting began immediately. Then the Germans moved into Kievs downtown on Kreshchatik Street. On September 24 - five days after the Germans entered Kiev - a bomb exploded around four oclock in the afternoon at the German headquarters. For days, bombs exploded in buildings in the Kreshchatik that had been occupied by Germans. Many Germans and civilians were killed and injured. After the war, it was determined that a group of NKVD members was left behind by the Soviets to offer some resistance against the conquering Germans. But during the war, the Germans decided it was the work of Jews, and retaliated for the bombings against the Jewish population of Kiev. The Notice By the time the bombings finally stopped on September 28, the Germans already had a plan for retaliation. On this day, the Germans posted a notice all over town that read: All [Jews] living in the city of Kiev and its vicinity are to report by 8 oclock on the morning of Monday, September 29th, 1941, at the corner of Melnikovsky and Dokhturov Streets (near the cemetery). They are to take with them documents, money, valuables, as well as warm clothes, underwear, etc. Any [Jew] not carrying out this instruction and who is found elsewhere will be shot. Any civilian entering flats evacuated by [Jews] and stealing property will be shot. Most people in town, including the Jews, thought this notice meant deportation. They were wrong. Reporting for Deportation On the morning of September 29, tens of thousands of Jews arrived at the appointed location. Some arrived extra early in order to ensure themselves a seat on the train. Most waited hours in this crowd - only slowly moving toward what they thought was a train. The Front of the Line Soon after people passed through the gate into the Jewish cemetery, they reached the front of the mass of people. Here, they were to leave their baggage. Some in the crowd wondered how they would be reunited with their possessions; some believed it would be sent in a luggage van. The Germans were counting out only a few people at a time and then letting them move farther on. Machine-gun fire could be heard nearby. For those that realized what was happening and wanted to leave, it was too late. There was a barricade staffed by Germans who were checking identification papers of those wanting out. If the person was Jewish, they were forced to remain. In Small Groups Taken from the front of the line in groups of ten, they were led to a corridor, about four or five feet wide, formed by rows of soldiers on each side.  The soldiers were holding sticks and would hit the Jews as they went by. There was no question of being able to dodge or get away. Brutal blows, immediately drawing blood, descended on their heads, backs and shoulders from left and right. The soldiers kept shouting: Schnell, schnell! laughing happily, as if they were watching a circus act; they even found ways of delivering harder blows in the more vulnerable places, the ribs, the stomach and the groin. Screaming and crying, the Jews exited the corridor of soldiers onto an area overgrown with grass.  Here they were ordered to undress. Those who hesitated had their clothes ripped off them by force, and were kicked and struck with knuckledusters or clubs by the Germans, who seemed to be drunk with fury in a sort of sadistic rage. 7 Babi Yar Babi Yar is the name of a ravine in the northwestern section of Kiev. A. Anatoli described the ravine as enormous, you might even say majestic: deep and wide, like a mountain gorge. If you stood on one side of it and shouted you would scarcely be heard on the other.8 It was here that the Nazis shot the Jews. In small groups of ten, the Jews were taken along the edge of the ravine. One of the very few survivors remembers she looked down and her head swam, she seemed to be so high up. Beneath her was a sea of bodies covered in blood. Once the Jews were lined up, the Nazis used a machine-gun to shoot them. When shot, they fell into the ravine. Then the next were brought along the edge and shot. According to the Einsatzgruppe Operational Situation Report No. 101, 33,771 Jews were killed at  Babi Yar  on September 29 and 30.10  But this was not the end of the killing at Babi Yar. More Victims The Nazis next rounded up Gypsies and killed them at Babi Yar. Patients of the Pavlov Psychiatric Hospital were gassed and then dumped into the ravine. Soviet prisoners of war were brought to the ravine and shot. Thousands of other civilians were killed at Babi Yar for trivial reasons, such as a mass shooting in retaliation for just one or two people breaking a Nazi order. The killing continued for months at Babi Yar. It is estimated that 100,000 people were murdered there. Babi Yar: Destroying the Evidence By mid-1943, the Germans were on the retreat; the Red Army was advancing west. Soon, the Red Army would liberate Kiev and its surroundings. The Nazis, in an effort to hide their guilt, tried to destroy evidence of their killings - the mass graves at Babi Yar. This was to be a gruesome job, so they had prisoners do it. The Prisoners Not knowing why they had been chosen, 100 prisoners from the Syretsk concentration camp (near Babi Yar) walked toward Babi Yar thinking they were to be shot. They were surprised when Nazis attached shackles onto them. Then surprised again when the Nazis gave them dinner. At night, the prisoners were housed in a cave-like hole cut into the side of the ravine. Blocking the entrance/exit was an enormous gate, locked with a large padlock. A wooden tower faced the entrance, with a machine-gun aimed at the entrance to keep watch over the prisoners. 327 prisoners, 100 of whom were Jews, were chosen for this horrific work. The Ghastly Work On August 18, 1943, the work began. The prisoners were divided into brigades, each with its own part of the cremation process. Digging:  Some prisoners had to dig into the mass graves. Since there were numerous mass graves at Babi Yar, most had been covered with dirt. These prisoners removed the top layer of dirt in order to expose the corpses.Hooking:  Having fallen into the pit after having been shot and having been underground for up to two years, many of the bodies had twisted together and were difficult to remove from the mass. The Nazis had constructed a special tool to disentangle and pull/drag the corpses. This tool was metal with one end shaped into a handle and the other shaped into a hook.The prisoners who had to pull the corpses out of the grave would place the hook under the corpses chin and pull - the body would follow the head. Sometimes the bodies were so firmly stuck together that two or three of them came out with one hook. It was often necessary to hack them apart with axes, and the lower layers had to be dynamited several times. The Nazis drank vodka to drown out the smell and the scenes; the prisoners werent even allowed to wash their hands.Removing Valuables:  After the bodies were pulled out of the mass grave, a few prisoners with pliers would search the victims mouths for gold. Other prisoners would remove clothing, boots, etc. from the bodies. (Though the Jews had been forced to undress before they were killed, later groups were often shot fully clothed.)Cremating the Bodies:  After the bodies had been checked for valuables, they were to be cremated. The pyres were carefully constructed for efficiency. Granite tombstones were brought from the nearby Jewish cemetery and laid flat on the ground. Wood was then stacked on top of it. Then the first layer of bodies was carefully laid on top of the wood so that their heads were on the outside. The second layer of bodies was then carefully placed on the first, but with the heads on the other side. Then, the prisoners placed more wood. And again, another lay er of bodies was placed on top - adding layer after layer. Approximately 2,000 bodies would be burned at the same time. To start the fire, gasoline was doused over the pile of bodies. The [stokers] got the fire going underneath and also carried burning torches along the rows of projecting heads. The hair, soaked in oil [gasoline], immediately burst into bright flame - that was why they had arranged the heads that way. Crushing the Bones:  The ashes from the pyre were scooped up and brought to another group of prisoners. Large pieces of bone that had not burned in the fire needed to be crushed to fully destroy the evidence of Nazi atrocities. Jewish tombstones were taken from the nearby cemetery to crush the bones. Prisoners then passed the ashes through a sieve, looking for large bone pieces that needed to be further crushed as well as searching for gold and other valuables. Planning an Escape The prisoners worked for six weeks at their gruesome task. Though they were exhausted, starving, and filthy, these prisoners still held on to life. There had been a couple of earlier escape attempts by individuals, after which, a dozen or more other prisoners were killed in retaliation. Thus, it was decided amongst the prisoners that the prisoners would have to escape as a group. But how were they to do this? They were hindered by shackles, locked in with a large padlock, and aimed at with a machine gun. Plus, there was at least one informer among them. Fyodor Yershov finally came up with a plan that would hopefully  would allow at least a few of the prisoners to reach safety. While working, the prisoners often found small items that the victims had brought with them to Babi Yar - not knowing they were to be murdered. Among these items were scissors, tools, and keys. The escape plan was to gather items that would help remove the shackles, find a key that would unlock the padlock, and find items that could be used to help them attack the guards. Then they would break their shackles, unlock the gate, and run past the guards, hoping to avoid being hit by machine-gun fire. This escape plan, especially in hindsight, seemed nearly impossible. Yet, the prisoners broke into groups of ten to search for the needed items. The group that was to search for the key to the padlock had to sneak and try hundreds of different keys in order to find the one that worked. One day, one of the few Jewish prisoners, Yasha Kaper, found a key that worked. The plan was almost ruined by an accident. One day, while working, an SS  man hit a prisoner. When the prisoner landed on the ground, there was a rattling sound. The SS man soon discovered that the prisoner was carrying scissors. The SS man wanted to know what the prisoner was planning on using the scissors for. The prisoner replied, I wanted to cut my hair. The SS man began to beat him while repeating the question. The prisoner could have easily revealed the escape plan, but did not. After the prisoner had lost  consciousness  he was thrown  onto  the fire. Having the key and other needed materials, the prisoners realized they needed to set a date for the escape. On September 29 one of the SS officers warned the prisoners that they were going to be killed the following day. The date for the escape was set for that night. The Escape Around two oclock that night, the prisoners tried to unlock the padlock. Though it took two turns of the key to  unlock  the lock, after the first turn, the lock made a noise which alerted the guards. The prisoners managed to make it back to their bunks before they were seen.   After the change in guard, the prisoners tried turning the lock  a second  turn. This time the lock did not make a noise and opened. The known informer was killed in his sleep. The rest of the prisoners were woken up and all worked on removing their shackles. The guards noticed the noise from the removal of the shackles and came to investigate. One prisoner thought quickly and told the guards that the prisoners were fighting over the potatoes that the guards had left in the bunker earlier. The guards thought this was funny and left. Twenty minutes later, the prisoners rushed out of the bunker en masse in an effort to escape. Some of the prisoners came upon guards and attacked them; others kept on running. The machine gun operator didnt want to shoot because, in the dark, he was afraid he would hit some of his own men. Out of all the prisoners, only 15 succeeded in escaping.

Hugo Munsterberg essayEssay Writing Service

Hugo Munsterberg essayEssay Writing Service Hugo Munsterberg essay Hugo Munsterberg essayThe main aims of the assignment are to explore the contribution of Hugo Munsterberg into psychology and to define his interest in other disciplines.To begin, it is necessary to give a brief description of Munsterberg’s interest in psychology for the purpose to understand this personality and his works better. Hugo Munsterberg (1863 1916) was a German-American psychologist, a representative of applied psychology (psychotechnics). He studied business management issues, professional selection, vocational guidance, job training, adaptation of technology to psychological abilities of a man and other factors to increase workers’ productivity and income of entrepreneurs. In order to reproduce real life situations in the laboratory, he built special models (maps) of these situations, which were portrayed in the form of signs and symbolic field of perception and action. He also dealt with hypnosis and psychology of testimony. Thus, it can be said that Muns terberg is one of the founders of psychotechnics, while he introduced the term of â€Å"psychotechnics† into practice, and developed a strategy for the investigation of work processes in the laboratory.Being more specific, it can be stated that Hugo Munsterberg was a supporter of one of the variants of psychophysical parallelism. Hugo Munsterberg, being a researcher and working at Harvard University, examined memory, attention, and perception. Despite the fact that Munsterberg was a brilliant experimenter and researcher, he was irresistibly attracted to the empirical side of psychology, the application of psychological knowledge in practice. Moreover, Hergenhahn (2000) said that in the period from 1905 to 1916, he did more than anyone before or after him to define and expand the field of activity of practical psychology. He was a researcher who had a very keen insight into the base of human relationships. In addition, thinking about the contribution of Munsterberg into the fi eld of psychology, we need to note that he also dealt with forensic psychology and testimony, clinical psychology, psychology of education and evaluation of art, while he developed various methods and strategies of research and improvement of labor processes.Observing key theories, which Hugo Munsterberg introduced into practice and developed through his life, it becomes obvious that he made a lot for the birth of industrial psychology. Munsterberg, as Moore (1921) mentioned, being recognized as a leader in experimental psychology, explored human behavior in all spheres of human activity beginning with manufacturing, education, and ending with crime detection. He printed the results of the studies both in the most popular and accessible journals (for example, â€Å"For Housewives†), and in a purely scientific journals. But wherever the works of Munsterberg were published, they enjoyed the same success.Forensic psychology was the first application area where Munsterberg decide d to work. He has written many articles on topics such as crime prevention, the use of hypnosis in the practice of questioning suspects, psychological testing to determine guilt, etc. His attempts to solve the latter problem are seen not undisputed, and his contemporaries evaluated them negatively in the end. But in spite of some mistakes, Hugo Munsterberg did much for the purpose to help legal psychology to take its rightful place not only among psychological sciences, but also in the legal field.To illustrate Munsterberg’s attempts to find the truth, according to Heinze (2004), it can be mentioned that the scientist was extremely interested in the problem of reliability of testimony. He set the task to experimentally verify the probability of erroneous playback of the parts of the crime by witness. In Munsterberg’s experiments, subjects who acted as â€Å"witnesses† were interviewed immediately after they watched a simulation of some incident. The fact that ev en the testimony of â€Å"hot pursuit† was significantly differ in many details made the issue rather debatable in specific circles.These observations were summarized in the book about the psychology of Testimony (â€Å"On the Witness Stand†), published in 1908. (In total, Munsterberg wrote more than a dozen books; and all his books were in a huge reader’s demand due to the attractiveness of the themes and style of explanation). In this work, he pointed rational way and those scientific means, which should be used to assess the evidence, while he also considered the fundamental issues of application of the methods of experimental psychology for justice.There is no a secret that subsequently, this problem was studied in various aspects by many psychologists, as, in particular, widely presented in the extensive chapters in modern textbooks on social psychology. Unfortunately, the name of Munsterberg is rarely mentioned in them. Moreover, when in 1976 his book was republished, it became a real eye-opener for many psychologists. It turned out that many of the issues of forensic psychology, studied throughout the twentieth century, were delivered and even partly solved by Munsterberg many years ago.Another area of ​​Munsterberg’s interest was pedagogy, more precisely, the use of psychological patterns in school practice. His book on the subject was titled â€Å"Psychology and the Teacher†. Amazingly, even today Munsterberg’s reasoning about the psychology of educational process sound actually. But, on the other hand, it is evidenced that all the new generations of teachers have to face all the same psychological problems that cannot be resolved once for all. So, psychological knowledge is always necessary in this area.According to Bjork (1983), it is impossible to leave without mentioning the fact that psychotherapy was also one of the areas of Munsterberg’s interest. The scientist believed that mental illnesses arise due to the inability of a man to adapt the own behavior to the environment. The therapeutic method of Munsterberg in this case was to eliminate the patient’s anxious thoughts, to rid a person of unwanted or harmful habits, to make a person forget about the negative emotions.Hugo Munsterberg essay part  2

Fashion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Fashion - Research Paper Example She also proclaimed and advised that the society ought not to underplay the repercussions of the situation, with regard to the message that most personalities had sent earlier (Breward, 2002). Furthermore, in accordance with a magazine that communicates issues regarding and surrounding the fashion confines, it was devastating that approximately 80% of young ladies in the fifth grades via twelve had been under influence of such fashion magazines, with regard to the images displayed (Davis, 2005). They confessed that most of these advances within the fashion magazines contained material that would probably alter their feeding habits and intake of various substances. Moreover, in the pro-anorexia programmes, posters communicating the notion of participation in television fashion shows and purportedly combing their magazines for ‘thinspiration’. However a bit intricate intelligence exists regarding whether the ubiquity of the excessively thin models results into persons outs ide the fields to innovate disordered feeding or fully blown food consumption chaos. Generally, Dr. Broft confessed that in the course of their working with their patients, this notion of the thinning always arises. Additionally, the psychiatrist within the foodstuff consumption program in the Columbia psychiatry explicated additionally that feeding disorders are extremely intricate based on their aetiology. Additionally, it is reasonable to proclaim that disclosure may be a truth in the innovation of feeding disorders and that an unfussy connection had not been conventional. In addition, the national affiliation of health prospects that the lifetime pervasiveness of anorexia is approximately 1.5% of the adult populace in the U.S.A. However, between the age gap of twelve to eighteen year olds is around 2.5%. Additionally, there immense risk prospects inclusive of their femininity and age among others as influences and the past (Breward, 2002). In accordance with a psychologist at th e Cleveland clinic, disclosure to skinny models could probably take a role. Moreover, though skinny models are not the reason behind feeding disorders, they may trigger or elicit a prospect in up keeping a feeding anomaly (Furze, 2011). Additionally, she proclaimed that if a lady has an establishment for a feeding anomaly and takes most of their time browsing via fashion papers can be one of the prospects that elicit a negative feeling of their body, which initiates them into feeding disorders, like excessive eating. Moreover, consummate research has introduced a relation of the two purporting that there has not existed any single descriptive scientific explication. Furthermore, specialists proclaim that her explication is one of the most fascinating on how the general media can implicate on bodily issues and image regards too. Becker’s exertion has concentrated on Fiji, where she discovered the entry of television coincided with, among other things, an augmentation in disord ered feeding, inclusive of throwing up to lose or take critical control of weight. Additionally, a following up research discovered that peer disclosure was specifically strong, with allies deliberating and internalizing the general media images (Davis, 2005). Though Becker warned against projection of such results to the American, she proclaimed

Contemporary issues in development finance Essay - 2

Contemporary issues in development finance - Essay Example world, the emerging economies are also suffering from fragile public finances, low Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), huge unemployment and high inequality. Many countries such as Mexico, Greece, Spain and Portugal etc. suffers from high inequality and poverty due to utilization of only one engine of growth. Financial development aims to recover such countries from poor economic condition through ensuring equitable capital allocation, monitoring investments and corporate governance, mobilization of savings pool and managing risk. However, some of the economists are of the opinion that the policies taken by development finance leads to widen the gap of inequality further (Clark, 2006). In this paper, the relationship between inequality and financial development will be critically analysed in the light of theories and empirical evidences. For the purpose of analysis, the case of Mexico will be incorporate in order to examine the level of inequality and poverty exists in that particular e conomy and how the measures of financial development is helping the economy to progress from its current economic situation. Development finance holds huge importance mainly for promoting economic growth through capital accumulation, mobilization of savings for technological inclusion and poverty eradication. The system also aims to encourage the flow of foreign capital. In fact, a meta analysis done on the basis of 67 empirical studies have shown strong correlation between the metrics of development finance and economic growth. Analysing the cases of courtiers with sound tend of economic development, it has been identified that development finance has worked as a driver of economic growth in those countries. The system also strives for better risk management that helps the vulnerable group of the society to obtain opportunities for enhancing their productivity and expands the investment avenue so that the group can generate higher income. Development finance facilitates the growth of

Global Systems Theory Essay Example for Free

Global Systems Theory Essay Global systems theory is perhaps one of the many theories related to capitalism and transnational corporations. This paper attempts to look into global systems theory in the context of capitalism by making use of three articles as part of the literature for the research. By outlining the major contentions for each of these three articles, this paper will further juxtapose these main points with global systems theory and arrive at a more developed and comprehensive understanding of the theory as a whole. Brief Literature Review In Robert Granfield’s article â€Å"Making It by Faking It: Working Class Students in an Elite Academic Environment†, he indicates how working class law students experience inequalities among upper class students which influences the class of law students. By collecting data through observation, personal interviews, small group interview and survey from a national law school in the eastern part of the United States, Granfield was able to expose the essential differences between law students in terms of class background. Through class background, Granfield also identifies the apparent discrimination between working class students and upper class students at school whenever working class students feel that they are being treated as ‘cultural outsiders’. In Hays’ article â€Å"The Ideology of Intensive Mothering: A Cultural Analysis of the Bestselling Gurus of Appropriate Childbearing†, he presents the key components of the ideology of intensive mothering, specifically: children are outside the market value, are priceless and are not economic assets; good childrearing requires intensive commitment on the part of the caregiver, and; childcare is the primary responsibility of the individual mother. The central focus of Hays’ article focuses on childcare especially on the role of mothers towards their children. The author further gives the emphasis that children are ‘sacred’ in a sociological sense because of the fact that childrearing and its effects on children reaffirm the belief in the importance of children. It creates a protected space of security, trust and close human connection inasmuch as it illustrates the generous and nurturing characteristic of individuals rather than being individualistic and always inclined for competition. In Webb’s newspaper article â€Å"A Crowded Family Enters the Space Age† featured in the New York Times, the author explores the case of Eric Alan’s family through the functionalist perspective. From a functionalist perspective, social institutions such as families and governments are analyzed and explained as collective means to satisfy specific or individual biological requisites. These social institutions, along with the rest, are composed of interconnected roles or norms such as the interconnected roles within the family (e. g. father, mother, etc. ). In the case of the family of Eric Alan, the worth of his family proves the idea that the family as a social institution has interconnected roles with the larger society. In particular, having to redesign his familys home into something more breathable exemplifies the presumption that the individual roles in the family, such as the role of the father to provide an inhabitable home for his family, and the family in general is tied with the other segments of the society in such a way that one reinforces the values of the other and vice versa. Featured in the November 8 issue of the New York Times, A Crowded Family Enters the Space Age conveys the story of a father, Eric Alan, wanting to provide a larger house for his growing family with the aid of Architect Neil Denari. In return, Denaris expertise and skills acquire a living experience thus proving to be another feat not only in his career as an architect but also in the discipline of architecture. From a functionalist perspective, this very well provides a real life example of how the units of the society interact together harmoniously in order to continue with survival. Description of the Case Global system theory is a base for the concept of transnational practices. However, cross state boundaries do not necessarily originate with state agencies or actors. The global capitalist system operates to maximize profits at the expense of others. Murray Dobbing (1998) claims that the economic world order has changed and the nation-state is in decline. This paper will outline and support the claims of Dobbing through a discussion of the transnational practices in the economic and the cultural-ideological spheres in relation to the political sphere. The paper will further discuss the agencies that facilitate transnational growth. In the economic sphere, the global capitalist system offers a limited place to the wage earning masses in most countries. It has very little need of the subordinate classes in this sphere as sophisticated machines replace human laborers for cost saving and greater profit for capitalists. As John Kenneth Galbraith in Rifkin’s The End of Work (1995) indicates, the global capital system requires scientific minded managers who have specialized talent and can operate sophisticated machines. Unskilled workers and their families become part of an underclass and face permanent unemployment. Meanwhile, the global economy has created an environment in which many large corporations are becoming transnational corporations which bring wealth to both developing and developed countries often by lobbying to their governments so as to gain access to these developing countries. The governments of developing countries are jeopardizing their own legitimacy to cultivate an inviting environment for the private sector. While the global capital system provides resources for economic development, the global capitals’ desires for low prices and high dividends result in child labor, environmental destruction and the expropriation of land and resources from local communities including indigenous people. In the culture-ideology sphere, the aim of global capitalists is to persuade all classes, especially the working middle-classes, to consume above their biological needs for pursuit of capitalists’ profit, which will ensure the belief that global capitalist system will be perpetuated. The cultural ideology of transnational growth proclaims that the meaning of life can be found in the things that we possess. To consume, therefore, is to be fully alive, and to remain fully alive people must continuously consume. Moreover, the notions of men and women as economic or political beings are discarded by global capitalism as the system does not even pretend to satisfy everyone in the economic or political spheres. Their value to society is determined by what they can afford to purchase. Therefore, people primarily become consumers rather than citizens. The point of economic activity for working middle-class of the global capitalist system is to provide the resources for consumption to create the â€Å"global shoppers,† and the point of political activity is to ensure that the conditions for consuming are maintained. The advancement of the internet and technology has hastened the reduction of trade barriers and the increment of the â€Å"global shoppers. † According to Chomsky (2003), mass media overwhelmingly corporate and embraces the values of corporate leaders. Moreover, the major media outlets are linked in huge media chains, with many of these conglomerates owned by transnational corporations. Corporate control is further solidified by advertising paid in dollars to the media by corporations. Thus, the mass media consistently supports globalization, neo-liberalism, and the politicians who push these corporate agendas. Transnational marketing such as TV commercials, billboards, etc. are forced on the world’s middle-class consumers. Transnational corporations, such as Disney, heavily market their American pop culture products. By selling the same thing, the same way, everywhere with little or no reference to local cultural differences, transnational corporations has homogenized world culture. Analysis of the Case Robert Granfield’s article helps one to understand ‘global system theory’ as a whole. For the most part, Granfield’s discussion on how working class students adapt in the academic environment dominated by upper class law students gives us a brief but useful overview of how working class students attempt to join the remainder of the upper class of the workforce. The startling irony is that while Granfield espouses the idea that working class law students can blend well with their environment which is presumed to give much preference to upper class students by ‘faking it’ or by posing as one of the upper class, global system theory on the other hand implies that there is no substantial place for these working class students especially in the workforce. This is because the lower classes of the society or the working force comprising the bulk of the lower hierarchy, have already been replaced by sophisticated machines. Hence, manpower or physical labor becomes confined to those individuals who have sufficient learning to operate these sophisticated machines. If this is indeed the case, then it must also be the case that global system theory also espouses the presumption that the disparity between the highest and the lowest ranks of the social hierarchy grows parallel to the pace of global capitalism. But Granfield suggests that the working class students have the ability to ‘fake it’ which may also suggest the probability that even the individuals from the lower ranks can also make it to the bulk of the workforce able to operate the sophisticated machineries of the contemporary world. Nevertheless, the totality of the global workforce remains to this day comprised of a large number of working class citizens who fall at the median of the social hierarchy, notwithstanding children or minors who work which leads us to the next point. In Hays’ â€Å"The Ideology of Intensive Mothering: A Cultural Analysis of the Bestselling Gurus of Appropriate Childbearing†, we are given the presumption that children should be given the sufficient care and attention. This includes the idea that children or minors are not individuals who are expected to literally work whether in offices or factories. However, the opposite is true especially among nations below the poverty line or less-developed third-world countries. It is estimated that around 250 million children are under what we call â€Å"child labor† according to the statistics provided by Think Quest, an online database providing global child labor information (Think Quest, 2007). If global system theory is indeed true, then there would be little reason to believe that there is child labor among the less-developed countries where capitalism is beginning to grow its roots since children have very little knowledge on the use of sophisticated machines intended to replace the workers who handle the basics of the tasks in the corporations, for instance. But the case is that 250 million children work across the globe, which prompts us to question the claims of global system theory. On the other hand, global system theory may respond to this criticism by stating that the replacement of manpower with sophisticated machineries is only true for those transnational corporations operating in developed countries. Part of the reason to this is the idea that underdeveloped countries are not suitable locations for transnational corporate ventures largely because developed nations have what it takes for global capitalism—a strong and sustained demand for the goods and services being offered by these corporations. Webb’s article â€Å"A Crowded Family Enters the Space Age† reiterates the presumption that the family has its roles in nurturing its members which partially relates to Hay’s article that children should be nurtured and protected and should be treated as economic assets especially in terms of manpower or a part of the work force. The fact that Webb implies the idea that there are parental responsibilities towards the needs of the family especially of the children at least in terms of a suitable place to live point us to the idea that children or minors should be nurtured and cared for instead of being treated as members of the working class whether or not parents are able to provide for their needs. Ultimately, this brings us to the understanding that the decline of the nation-state as espoused by global systems theory is not fully achieved precisely because the basic unit of the society or of the nation-states for that matter—the family—reinforces the entirety of the nation-state by sustaining its integrity as a functional basic unit able to maintain its internal status. Conclusion In the end, global systems theory may not necessarily apply to the broadest range of nations, from developed to the developing and less-developed precisely because these nations have differences although similarities may also be noted. The presumption that the family remains a cohesive force in the society may substantially refute the claim that the nation-state is dissolving. Nevertheless, there are certain arguments of global systems theory that remains to this day a force with grains of truth in it. Apart from the fact that sophisticated machineries have slowly replaced the manpower of the working and lower classes of the society, capitalism has been reinforced by the expansion of transnational corporations worldwide. Works Cited Chomsky, Noam. Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. House of Anansi Press, 2003. 1-20. Dobbing, Murray. The Myth of the Good Corporate Citizen: Democracy under the Rule of Big Business. Stoddart, 1998. 49-60. Hawken, Paul. The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability. 1st ed: Harper Business, 1993. 1-17. Rifkin, Jeremy. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. G. P. Putnams Sons, 1995. 3-14. Think Quest, http://library. thinkquest. org/03oct/01908/800/whatisit_childlabor. htm, December 4, 2007.