Mass Murder at Babi Yar Ravine

Mass Murder at Babi Yar Ravine Before there were gas chambers, the Nazis used guns to kill Jews and others in large numbers during the Holocaust. Babi Yar, a ravine located just outside of  Kiev, was the site where  the Nazis  murdered approximately 100,000 people. The killing began with a large group on September 29-30, 1941, but continued for months. The German Takeover After the Nazis attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, they pushed east. By September 19, they had reached Kiev. It was a confusing time for the inhabitants of Kiev. Though a large portion of the population had family either in the Red Army or had evacuated into the interior of the Soviet Union, many inhabitants welcomed the German Armys takeover of Kiev. Many believed the Germans would free them from Stalins oppressive regime. Within days they would see the true face of the invaders. Explosions Looting began immediately. Then the Germans moved into Kievs downtown on Kreshchatik Street. On September 24 - five days after the Germans entered Kiev - a bomb exploded around four oclock in the afternoon at the German headquarters. For days, bombs exploded in buildings in the Kreshchatik that had been occupied by Germans. Many Germans and civilians were killed and injured. After the war, it was determined that a group of NKVD members was left behind by the Soviets to offer some resistance against the conquering Germans. But during the war, the Germans decided it was the work of Jews, and retaliated for the bombings against the Jewish population of Kiev. The Notice By the time the bombings finally stopped on September 28, the Germans already had a plan for retaliation. On this day, the Germans posted a notice all over town that read: All [Jews] living in the city of Kiev and its vicinity are to report by 8 oclock on the morning of Monday, September 29th, 1941, at the corner of Melnikovsky and Dokhturov Streets (near the cemetery). They are to take with them documents, money, valuables, as well as warm clothes, underwear, etc. Any [Jew] not carrying out this instruction and who is found elsewhere will be shot. Any civilian entering flats evacuated by [Jews] and stealing property will be shot. Most people in town, including the Jews, thought this notice meant deportation. They were wrong. Reporting for Deportation On the morning of September 29, tens of thousands of Jews arrived at the appointed location. Some arrived extra early in order to ensure themselves a seat on the train. Most waited hours in this crowd - only slowly moving toward what they thought was a train. The Front of the Line Soon after people passed through the gate into the Jewish cemetery, they reached the front of the mass of people. Here, they were to leave their baggage. Some in the crowd wondered how they would be reunited with their possessions; some believed it would be sent in a luggage van. The Germans were counting out only a few people at a time and then letting them move farther on. Machine-gun fire could be heard nearby. For those that realized what was happening and wanted to leave, it was too late. There was a barricade staffed by Germans who were checking identification papers of those wanting out. If the person was Jewish, they were forced to remain. In Small Groups Taken from the front of the line in groups of ten, they were led to a corridor, about four or five feet wide, formed by rows of soldiers on each side.  The soldiers were holding sticks and would hit the Jews as they went by. There was no question of being able to dodge or get away. Brutal blows, immediately drawing blood, descended on their heads, backs and shoulders from left and right. The soldiers kept shouting: Schnell, schnell! laughing happily, as if they were watching a circus act; they even found ways of delivering harder blows in the more vulnerable places, the ribs, the stomach and the groin. Screaming and crying, the Jews exited the corridor of soldiers onto an area overgrown with grass.  Here they were ordered to undress. Those who hesitated had their clothes ripped off them by force, and were kicked and struck with knuckledusters or clubs by the Germans, who seemed to be drunk with fury in a sort of sadistic rage. 7 Babi Yar Babi Yar is the name of a ravine in the northwestern section of Kiev. A. Anatoli described the ravine as enormous, you might even say majestic: deep and wide, like a mountain gorge. If you stood on one side of it and shouted you would scarcely be heard on the other.8 It was here that the Nazis shot the Jews. In small groups of ten, the Jews were taken along the edge of the ravine. One of the very few survivors remembers she looked down and her head swam, she seemed to be so high up. Beneath her was a sea of bodies covered in blood. Once the Jews were lined up, the Nazis used a machine-gun to shoot them. When shot, they fell into the ravine. Then the next were brought along the edge and shot. According to the Einsatzgruppe Operational Situation Report No. 101, 33,771 Jews were killed at  Babi Yar  on September 29 and 30.10  But this was not the end of the killing at Babi Yar. More Victims The Nazis next rounded up Gypsies and killed them at Babi Yar. Patients of the Pavlov Psychiatric Hospital were gassed and then dumped into the ravine. Soviet prisoners of war were brought to the ravine and shot. Thousands of other civilians were killed at Babi Yar for trivial reasons, such as a mass shooting in retaliation for just one or two people breaking a Nazi order. The killing continued for months at Babi Yar. It is estimated that 100,000 people were murdered there. Babi Yar: Destroying the Evidence By mid-1943, the Germans were on the retreat; the Red Army was advancing west. Soon, the Red Army would liberate Kiev and its surroundings. The Nazis, in an effort to hide their guilt, tried to destroy evidence of their killings - the mass graves at Babi Yar. This was to be a gruesome job, so they had prisoners do it. The Prisoners Not knowing why they had been chosen, 100 prisoners from the Syretsk concentration camp (near Babi Yar) walked toward Babi Yar thinking they were to be shot. They were surprised when Nazis attached shackles onto them. Then surprised again when the Nazis gave them dinner. At night, the prisoners were housed in a cave-like hole cut into the side of the ravine. Blocking the entrance/exit was an enormous gate, locked with a large padlock. A wooden tower faced the entrance, with a machine-gun aimed at the entrance to keep watch over the prisoners. 327 prisoners, 100 of whom were Jews, were chosen for this horrific work. The Ghastly Work On August 18, 1943, the work began. The prisoners were divided into brigades, each with its own part of the cremation process. Digging:  Some prisoners had to dig into the mass graves. Since there were numerous mass graves at Babi Yar, most had been covered with dirt. These prisoners removed the top layer of dirt in order to expose the corpses.Hooking:  Having fallen into the pit after having been shot and having been underground for up to two years, many of the bodies had twisted together and were difficult to remove from the mass. The Nazis had constructed a special tool to disentangle and pull/drag the corpses. This tool was metal with one end shaped into a handle and the other shaped into a hook.The prisoners who had to pull the corpses out of the grave would place the hook under the corpses chin and pull - the body would follow the head. Sometimes the bodies were so firmly stuck together that two or three of them came out with one hook. It was often necessary to hack them apart with axes, and the lower layers had to be dynamited several times. The Nazis drank vodka to drown out the smell and the scenes; the prisoners werent even allowed to wash their hands.Removing Valuables:  After the bodies were pulled out of the mass grave, a few prisoners with pliers would search the victims mouths for gold. Other prisoners would remove clothing, boots, etc. from the bodies. (Though the Jews had been forced to undress before they were killed, later groups were often shot fully clothed.)Cremating the Bodies:  After the bodies had been checked for valuables, they were to be cremated. The pyres were carefully constructed for efficiency. Granite tombstones were brought from the nearby Jewish cemetery and laid flat on the ground. Wood was then stacked on top of it. Then the first layer of bodies was carefully laid on top of the wood so that their heads were on the outside. The second layer of bodies was then carefully placed on the first, but with the heads on the other side. Then, the prisoners placed more wood. And again, another lay er of bodies was placed on top - adding layer after layer. Approximately 2,000 bodies would be burned at the same time. To start the fire, gasoline was doused over the pile of bodies. The [stokers] got the fire going underneath and also carried burning torches along the rows of projecting heads. The hair, soaked in oil [gasoline], immediately burst into bright flame - that was why they had arranged the heads that way. Crushing the Bones:  The ashes from the pyre were scooped up and brought to another group of prisoners. Large pieces of bone that had not burned in the fire needed to be crushed to fully destroy the evidence of Nazi atrocities. Jewish tombstones were taken from the nearby cemetery to crush the bones. Prisoners then passed the ashes through a sieve, looking for large bone pieces that needed to be further crushed as well as searching for gold and other valuables. Planning an Escape The prisoners worked for six weeks at their gruesome task. Though they were exhausted, starving, and filthy, these prisoners still held on to life. There had been a couple of earlier escape attempts by individuals, after which, a dozen or more other prisoners were killed in retaliation. Thus, it was decided amongst the prisoners that the prisoners would have to escape as a group. But how were they to do this? They were hindered by shackles, locked in with a large padlock, and aimed at with a machine gun. Plus, there was at least one informer among them. Fyodor Yershov finally came up with a plan that would hopefully  would allow at least a few of the prisoners to reach safety. While working, the prisoners often found small items that the victims had brought with them to Babi Yar - not knowing they were to be murdered. Among these items were scissors, tools, and keys. The escape plan was to gather items that would help remove the shackles, find a key that would unlock the padlock, and find items that could be used to help them attack the guards. Then they would break their shackles, unlock the gate, and run past the guards, hoping to avoid being hit by machine-gun fire. This escape plan, especially in hindsight, seemed nearly impossible. Yet, the prisoners broke into groups of ten to search for the needed items. The group that was to search for the key to the padlock had to sneak and try hundreds of different keys in order to find the one that worked. One day, one of the few Jewish prisoners, Yasha Kaper, found a key that worked. The plan was almost ruined by an accident. One day, while working, an SS  man hit a prisoner. When the prisoner landed on the ground, there was a rattling sound. The SS man soon discovered that the prisoner was carrying scissors. The SS man wanted to know what the prisoner was planning on using the scissors for. The prisoner replied, I wanted to cut my hair. The SS man began to beat him while repeating the question. The prisoner could have easily revealed the escape plan, but did not. After the prisoner had lost  consciousness  he was thrown  onto  the fire. Having the key and other needed materials, the prisoners realized they needed to set a date for the escape. On September 29 one of the SS officers warned the prisoners that they were going to be killed the following day. The date for the escape was set for that night. The Escape Around two oclock that night, the prisoners tried to unlock the padlock. Though it took two turns of the key to  unlock  the lock, after the first turn, the lock made a noise which alerted the guards. The prisoners managed to make it back to their bunks before they were seen.   After the change in guard, the prisoners tried turning the lock  a second  turn. This time the lock did not make a noise and opened. The known informer was killed in his sleep. The rest of the prisoners were woken up and all worked on removing their shackles. The guards noticed the noise from the removal of the shackles and came to investigate. One prisoner thought quickly and told the guards that the prisoners were fighting over the potatoes that the guards had left in the bunker earlier. The guards thought this was funny and left. Twenty minutes later, the prisoners rushed out of the bunker en masse in an effort to escape. Some of the prisoners came upon guards and attacked them; others kept on running. The machine gun operator didnt want to shoot because, in the dark, he was afraid he would hit some of his own men. Out of all the prisoners, only 15 succeeded in escaping.

Hugo Munsterberg essayEssay Writing Service

Hugo Munsterberg essayEssay Writing Service Hugo Munsterberg essay Hugo Munsterberg essayThe main aims of the assignment are to explore the contribution of Hugo Munsterberg into psychology and to define his interest in other disciplines.To begin, it is necessary to give a brief description of Munsterberg’s interest in psychology for the purpose to understand this personality and his works better. Hugo Munsterberg (1863 1916) was a German-American psychologist, a representative of applied psychology (psychotechnics). He studied business management issues, professional selection, vocational guidance, job training, adaptation of technology to psychological abilities of a man and other factors to increase workers’ productivity and income of entrepreneurs. In order to reproduce real life situations in the laboratory, he built special models (maps) of these situations, which were portrayed in the form of signs and symbolic field of perception and action. He also dealt with hypnosis and psychology of testimony. Thus, it can be said that Muns terberg is one of the founders of psychotechnics, while he introduced the term of â€Å"psychotechnics† into practice, and developed a strategy for the investigation of work processes in the laboratory.Being more specific, it can be stated that Hugo Munsterberg was a supporter of one of the variants of psychophysical parallelism. Hugo Munsterberg, being a researcher and working at Harvard University, examined memory, attention, and perception. Despite the fact that Munsterberg was a brilliant experimenter and researcher, he was irresistibly attracted to the empirical side of psychology, the application of psychological knowledge in practice. Moreover, Hergenhahn (2000) said that in the period from 1905 to 1916, he did more than anyone before or after him to define and expand the field of activity of practical psychology. He was a researcher who had a very keen insight into the base of human relationships. In addition, thinking about the contribution of Munsterberg into the fi eld of psychology, we need to note that he also dealt with forensic psychology and testimony, clinical psychology, psychology of education and evaluation of art, while he developed various methods and strategies of research and improvement of labor processes.Observing key theories, which Hugo Munsterberg introduced into practice and developed through his life, it becomes obvious that he made a lot for the birth of industrial psychology. Munsterberg, as Moore (1921) mentioned, being recognized as a leader in experimental psychology, explored human behavior in all spheres of human activity beginning with manufacturing, education, and ending with crime detection. He printed the results of the studies both in the most popular and accessible journals (for example, â€Å"For Housewives†), and in a purely scientific journals. But wherever the works of Munsterberg were published, they enjoyed the same success.Forensic psychology was the first application area where Munsterberg decide d to work. He has written many articles on topics such as crime prevention, the use of hypnosis in the practice of questioning suspects, psychological testing to determine guilt, etc. His attempts to solve the latter problem are seen not undisputed, and his contemporaries evaluated them negatively in the end. But in spite of some mistakes, Hugo Munsterberg did much for the purpose to help legal psychology to take its rightful place not only among psychological sciences, but also in the legal field.To illustrate Munsterberg’s attempts to find the truth, according to Heinze (2004), it can be mentioned that the scientist was extremely interested in the problem of reliability of testimony. He set the task to experimentally verify the probability of erroneous playback of the parts of the crime by witness. In Munsterberg’s experiments, subjects who acted as â€Å"witnesses† were interviewed immediately after they watched a simulation of some incident. The fact that ev en the testimony of â€Å"hot pursuit† was significantly differ in many details made the issue rather debatable in specific circles.These observations were summarized in the book about the psychology of Testimony (â€Å"On the Witness Stand†), published in 1908. (In total, Munsterberg wrote more than a dozen books; and all his books were in a huge reader’s demand due to the attractiveness of the themes and style of explanation). In this work, he pointed rational way and those scientific means, which should be used to assess the evidence, while he also considered the fundamental issues of application of the methods of experimental psychology for justice.There is no a secret that subsequently, this problem was studied in various aspects by many psychologists, as, in particular, widely presented in the extensive chapters in modern textbooks on social psychology. Unfortunately, the name of Munsterberg is rarely mentioned in them. Moreover, when in 1976 his book was republished, it became a real eye-opener for many psychologists. It turned out that many of the issues of forensic psychology, studied throughout the twentieth century, were delivered and even partly solved by Munsterberg many years ago.Another area of ​​Munsterberg’s interest was pedagogy, more precisely, the use of psychological patterns in school practice. His book on the subject was titled â€Å"Psychology and the Teacher†. Amazingly, even today Munsterberg’s reasoning about the psychology of educational process sound actually. But, on the other hand, it is evidenced that all the new generations of teachers have to face all the same psychological problems that cannot be resolved once for all. So, psychological knowledge is always necessary in this area.According to Bjork (1983), it is impossible to leave without mentioning the fact that psychotherapy was also one of the areas of Munsterberg’s interest. The scientist believed that mental illnesses arise due to the inability of a man to adapt the own behavior to the environment. The therapeutic method of Munsterberg in this case was to eliminate the patient’s anxious thoughts, to rid a person of unwanted or harmful habits, to make a person forget about the negative emotions.Hugo Munsterberg essay part  2

Fashion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Fashion - Research Paper Example She also proclaimed and advised that the society ought not to underplay the repercussions of the situation, with regard to the message that most personalities had sent earlier (Breward, 2002). Furthermore, in accordance with a magazine that communicates issues regarding and surrounding the fashion confines, it was devastating that approximately 80% of young ladies in the fifth grades via twelve had been under influence of such fashion magazines, with regard to the images displayed (Davis, 2005). They confessed that most of these advances within the fashion magazines contained material that would probably alter their feeding habits and intake of various substances. Moreover, in the pro-anorexia programmes, posters communicating the notion of participation in television fashion shows and purportedly combing their magazines for ‘thinspiration’. However a bit intricate intelligence exists regarding whether the ubiquity of the excessively thin models results into persons outs ide the fields to innovate disordered feeding or fully blown food consumption chaos. Generally, Dr. Broft confessed that in the course of their working with their patients, this notion of the thinning always arises. Additionally, the psychiatrist within the foodstuff consumption program in the Columbia psychiatry explicated additionally that feeding disorders are extremely intricate based on their aetiology. Additionally, it is reasonable to proclaim that disclosure may be a truth in the innovation of feeding disorders and that an unfussy connection had not been conventional. In addition, the national affiliation of health prospects that the lifetime pervasiveness of anorexia is approximately 1.5% of the adult populace in the U.S.A. However, between the age gap of twelve to eighteen year olds is around 2.5%. Additionally, there immense risk prospects inclusive of their femininity and age among others as influences and the past (Breward, 2002). In accordance with a psychologist at th e Cleveland clinic, disclosure to skinny models could probably take a role. Moreover, though skinny models are not the reason behind feeding disorders, they may trigger or elicit a prospect in up keeping a feeding anomaly (Furze, 2011). Additionally, she proclaimed that if a lady has an establishment for a feeding anomaly and takes most of their time browsing via fashion papers can be one of the prospects that elicit a negative feeling of their body, which initiates them into feeding disorders, like excessive eating. Moreover, consummate research has introduced a relation of the two purporting that there has not existed any single descriptive scientific explication. Furthermore, specialists proclaim that her explication is one of the most fascinating on how the general media can implicate on bodily issues and image regards too. Becker’s exertion has concentrated on Fiji, where she discovered the entry of television coincided with, among other things, an augmentation in disord ered feeding, inclusive of throwing up to lose or take critical control of weight. Additionally, a following up research discovered that peer disclosure was specifically strong, with allies deliberating and internalizing the general media images (Davis, 2005). Though Becker warned against projection of such results to the American, she proclaimed

Contemporary issues in development finance Essay - 2

Contemporary issues in development finance - Essay Example world, the emerging economies are also suffering from fragile public finances, low Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), huge unemployment and high inequality. Many countries such as Mexico, Greece, Spain and Portugal etc. suffers from high inequality and poverty due to utilization of only one engine of growth. Financial development aims to recover such countries from poor economic condition through ensuring equitable capital allocation, monitoring investments and corporate governance, mobilization of savings pool and managing risk. However, some of the economists are of the opinion that the policies taken by development finance leads to widen the gap of inequality further (Clark, 2006). In this paper, the relationship between inequality and financial development will be critically analysed in the light of theories and empirical evidences. For the purpose of analysis, the case of Mexico will be incorporate in order to examine the level of inequality and poverty exists in that particular e conomy and how the measures of financial development is helping the economy to progress from its current economic situation. Development finance holds huge importance mainly for promoting economic growth through capital accumulation, mobilization of savings for technological inclusion and poverty eradication. The system also aims to encourage the flow of foreign capital. In fact, a meta analysis done on the basis of 67 empirical studies have shown strong correlation between the metrics of development finance and economic growth. Analysing the cases of courtiers with sound tend of economic development, it has been identified that development finance has worked as a driver of economic growth in those countries. The system also strives for better risk management that helps the vulnerable group of the society to obtain opportunities for enhancing their productivity and expands the investment avenue so that the group can generate higher income. Development finance facilitates the growth of

Global Systems Theory Essay Example for Free

Global Systems Theory Essay Global systems theory is perhaps one of the many theories related to capitalism and transnational corporations. This paper attempts to look into global systems theory in the context of capitalism by making use of three articles as part of the literature for the research. By outlining the major contentions for each of these three articles, this paper will further juxtapose these main points with global systems theory and arrive at a more developed and comprehensive understanding of the theory as a whole. Brief Literature Review In Robert Granfield’s article â€Å"Making It by Faking It: Working Class Students in an Elite Academic Environment†, he indicates how working class law students experience inequalities among upper class students which influences the class of law students. By collecting data through observation, personal interviews, small group interview and survey from a national law school in the eastern part of the United States, Granfield was able to expose the essential differences between law students in terms of class background. Through class background, Granfield also identifies the apparent discrimination between working class students and upper class students at school whenever working class students feel that they are being treated as ‘cultural outsiders’. In Hays’ article â€Å"The Ideology of Intensive Mothering: A Cultural Analysis of the Bestselling Gurus of Appropriate Childbearing†, he presents the key components of the ideology of intensive mothering, specifically: children are outside the market value, are priceless and are not economic assets; good childrearing requires intensive commitment on the part of the caregiver, and; childcare is the primary responsibility of the individual mother. The central focus of Hays’ article focuses on childcare especially on the role of mothers towards their children. The author further gives the emphasis that children are ‘sacred’ in a sociological sense because of the fact that childrearing and its effects on children reaffirm the belief in the importance of children. It creates a protected space of security, trust and close human connection inasmuch as it illustrates the generous and nurturing characteristic of individuals rather than being individualistic and always inclined for competition. In Webb’s newspaper article â€Å"A Crowded Family Enters the Space Age† featured in the New York Times, the author explores the case of Eric Alan’s family through the functionalist perspective. From a functionalist perspective, social institutions such as families and governments are analyzed and explained as collective means to satisfy specific or individual biological requisites. These social institutions, along with the rest, are composed of interconnected roles or norms such as the interconnected roles within the family (e. g. father, mother, etc. ). In the case of the family of Eric Alan, the worth of his family proves the idea that the family as a social institution has interconnected roles with the larger society. In particular, having to redesign his familys home into something more breathable exemplifies the presumption that the individual roles in the family, such as the role of the father to provide an inhabitable home for his family, and the family in general is tied with the other segments of the society in such a way that one reinforces the values of the other and vice versa. Featured in the November 8 issue of the New York Times, A Crowded Family Enters the Space Age conveys the story of a father, Eric Alan, wanting to provide a larger house for his growing family with the aid of Architect Neil Denari. In return, Denaris expertise and skills acquire a living experience thus proving to be another feat not only in his career as an architect but also in the discipline of architecture. From a functionalist perspective, this very well provides a real life example of how the units of the society interact together harmoniously in order to continue with survival. Description of the Case Global system theory is a base for the concept of transnational practices. However, cross state boundaries do not necessarily originate with state agencies or actors. The global capitalist system operates to maximize profits at the expense of others. Murray Dobbing (1998) claims that the economic world order has changed and the nation-state is in decline. This paper will outline and support the claims of Dobbing through a discussion of the transnational practices in the economic and the cultural-ideological spheres in relation to the political sphere. The paper will further discuss the agencies that facilitate transnational growth. In the economic sphere, the global capitalist system offers a limited place to the wage earning masses in most countries. It has very little need of the subordinate classes in this sphere as sophisticated machines replace human laborers for cost saving and greater profit for capitalists. As John Kenneth Galbraith in Rifkin’s The End of Work (1995) indicates, the global capital system requires scientific minded managers who have specialized talent and can operate sophisticated machines. Unskilled workers and their families become part of an underclass and face permanent unemployment. Meanwhile, the global economy has created an environment in which many large corporations are becoming transnational corporations which bring wealth to both developing and developed countries often by lobbying to their governments so as to gain access to these developing countries. The governments of developing countries are jeopardizing their own legitimacy to cultivate an inviting environment for the private sector. While the global capital system provides resources for economic development, the global capitals’ desires for low prices and high dividends result in child labor, environmental destruction and the expropriation of land and resources from local communities including indigenous people. In the culture-ideology sphere, the aim of global capitalists is to persuade all classes, especially the working middle-classes, to consume above their biological needs for pursuit of capitalists’ profit, which will ensure the belief that global capitalist system will be perpetuated. The cultural ideology of transnational growth proclaims that the meaning of life can be found in the things that we possess. To consume, therefore, is to be fully alive, and to remain fully alive people must continuously consume. Moreover, the notions of men and women as economic or political beings are discarded by global capitalism as the system does not even pretend to satisfy everyone in the economic or political spheres. Their value to society is determined by what they can afford to purchase. Therefore, people primarily become consumers rather than citizens. The point of economic activity for working middle-class of the global capitalist system is to provide the resources for consumption to create the â€Å"global shoppers,† and the point of political activity is to ensure that the conditions for consuming are maintained. The advancement of the internet and technology has hastened the reduction of trade barriers and the increment of the â€Å"global shoppers. † According to Chomsky (2003), mass media overwhelmingly corporate and embraces the values of corporate leaders. Moreover, the major media outlets are linked in huge media chains, with many of these conglomerates owned by transnational corporations. Corporate control is further solidified by advertising paid in dollars to the media by corporations. Thus, the mass media consistently supports globalization, neo-liberalism, and the politicians who push these corporate agendas. Transnational marketing such as TV commercials, billboards, etc. are forced on the world’s middle-class consumers. Transnational corporations, such as Disney, heavily market their American pop culture products. By selling the same thing, the same way, everywhere with little or no reference to local cultural differences, transnational corporations has homogenized world culture. Analysis of the Case Robert Granfield’s article helps one to understand ‘global system theory’ as a whole. For the most part, Granfield’s discussion on how working class students adapt in the academic environment dominated by upper class law students gives us a brief but useful overview of how working class students attempt to join the remainder of the upper class of the workforce. The startling irony is that while Granfield espouses the idea that working class law students can blend well with their environment which is presumed to give much preference to upper class students by ‘faking it’ or by posing as one of the upper class, global system theory on the other hand implies that there is no substantial place for these working class students especially in the workforce. This is because the lower classes of the society or the working force comprising the bulk of the lower hierarchy, have already been replaced by sophisticated machines. Hence, manpower or physical labor becomes confined to those individuals who have sufficient learning to operate these sophisticated machines. If this is indeed the case, then it must also be the case that global system theory also espouses the presumption that the disparity between the highest and the lowest ranks of the social hierarchy grows parallel to the pace of global capitalism. But Granfield suggests that the working class students have the ability to ‘fake it’ which may also suggest the probability that even the individuals from the lower ranks can also make it to the bulk of the workforce able to operate the sophisticated machineries of the contemporary world. Nevertheless, the totality of the global workforce remains to this day comprised of a large number of working class citizens who fall at the median of the social hierarchy, notwithstanding children or minors who work which leads us to the next point. In Hays’ â€Å"The Ideology of Intensive Mothering: A Cultural Analysis of the Bestselling Gurus of Appropriate Childbearing†, we are given the presumption that children should be given the sufficient care and attention. This includes the idea that children or minors are not individuals who are expected to literally work whether in offices or factories. However, the opposite is true especially among nations below the poverty line or less-developed third-world countries. It is estimated that around 250 million children are under what we call â€Å"child labor† according to the statistics provided by Think Quest, an online database providing global child labor information (Think Quest, 2007). If global system theory is indeed true, then there would be little reason to believe that there is child labor among the less-developed countries where capitalism is beginning to grow its roots since children have very little knowledge on the use of sophisticated machines intended to replace the workers who handle the basics of the tasks in the corporations, for instance. But the case is that 250 million children work across the globe, which prompts us to question the claims of global system theory. On the other hand, global system theory may respond to this criticism by stating that the replacement of manpower with sophisticated machineries is only true for those transnational corporations operating in developed countries. Part of the reason to this is the idea that underdeveloped countries are not suitable locations for transnational corporate ventures largely because developed nations have what it takes for global capitalism—a strong and sustained demand for the goods and services being offered by these corporations. Webb’s article â€Å"A Crowded Family Enters the Space Age† reiterates the presumption that the family has its roles in nurturing its members which partially relates to Hay’s article that children should be nurtured and protected and should be treated as economic assets especially in terms of manpower or a part of the work force. The fact that Webb implies the idea that there are parental responsibilities towards the needs of the family especially of the children at least in terms of a suitable place to live point us to the idea that children or minors should be nurtured and cared for instead of being treated as members of the working class whether or not parents are able to provide for their needs. Ultimately, this brings us to the understanding that the decline of the nation-state as espoused by global systems theory is not fully achieved precisely because the basic unit of the society or of the nation-states for that matter—the family—reinforces the entirety of the nation-state by sustaining its integrity as a functional basic unit able to maintain its internal status. Conclusion In the end, global systems theory may not necessarily apply to the broadest range of nations, from developed to the developing and less-developed precisely because these nations have differences although similarities may also be noted. The presumption that the family remains a cohesive force in the society may substantially refute the claim that the nation-state is dissolving. Nevertheless, there are certain arguments of global systems theory that remains to this day a force with grains of truth in it. Apart from the fact that sophisticated machineries have slowly replaced the manpower of the working and lower classes of the society, capitalism has been reinforced by the expansion of transnational corporations worldwide. Works Cited Chomsky, Noam. Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. House of Anansi Press, 2003. 1-20. Dobbing, Murray. The Myth of the Good Corporate Citizen: Democracy under the Rule of Big Business. Stoddart, 1998. 49-60. Hawken, Paul. The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability. 1st ed: Harper Business, 1993. 1-17. Rifkin, Jeremy. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. G. P. Putnams Sons, 1995. 3-14. Think Quest, http://library. thinkquest. org/03oct/01908/800/whatisit_childlabor. htm, December 4, 2007.

LGBT Rights on Wall Street Essay -- Wall Street, Employee, Trends

Two important trends facing Wall Street are its expansion of LGBT employee rights over the past decade and its entrance into non-traditional banking centers. These trends are interrelated and deeply affect the LGBT community. As Wall Street has greatly improved its treatment of LGBT employees, it has an opportunity to share this accepting attitude as it expands into new markets. The 1980s were notorious for rampant homophobia on Wall Street, where traders routinely screamed â€Å"faggot† on the trading floor and a closeted culture prevailed throughout firms. In 1983, a small group of gay bankers formed an anonymous support group entitled the New York Bankers Trust. Bankers Trust meetings were held in private homes and mailings were addressed to â€Å"Mr.† and â€Å"Mrs.† because many closeted male bankers pretended to be married to women. This homophobic macho-driven culture continued throughout the 80s and 90s, even as society became more accepting of gays and lesbians. In 1999, there was one openly gay member of the 1,365-member New York Stock Exchange. And although many banks had, on paper, banned discrimination based on sexual orientation, a 1999 article in the New York Magazine reported widespread discrimination, lawsuits, fear of harassment and underrepresentation of openly gay men and women. After the turn of the millennium, things began to change. Quickly. In 2002, J.P. Morgan led the way and was the first bank to receive a perfect score on HRC’s Corporate Equality Index. In 2003, Lehman Brothers joined. In 2004, Deutsche Bank, Citi, UBS, Wells Fargo, and Goldman Sachs joined. The dam had been broken. A 2006 Bloomberg article noted this change and suggested a few important catalysts: societal changes, such as same-sex marriage,... ...s in these areas. I believe that if banks offer LGBT benefits, citizens will see these policies and respond positively through the political process to promote gay rights. Beyond offering equal benefits, banks can take the next step and speak out where they see injustice, as they have done in the United States. Gay rights do not exist in a vacuum. Many articles I read linked the decline in sexual harassment toward women with the acceptance of gays and lesbians in the workplace. Similarly, in many countries where gays and lesbians are imprisoned or executed, women are treated as second-class citizens, subject to female genital mutilation and high illiteracy rates. As banks have promoted gay rights in their local regions, such as New York State, they can work to expand gay rights in new markets. This is an important mission for banks and I want to be part of it.

Reality TV VS Real Life TV Essay

Reality TV vs. Real Life TV One of the main sources of news and entertainment is television. Every household has a television set in their home which the family consumes hours watching. Many reality TV shows are based on shallow and vague values. The growing trend in television now for our culture is â€Å"REALITY TV† (real life on TV). Just like the appeal to junk food or the internet reality TV has a dominant effect on our children and us as adults. There is real life and there is TV-life under influence of which viewers fall. Under the name of â€Å"Reality TV† viewers expect something as â€Å"real life on TV†. But while reality TV may seem like a harmless form of entertainment, the damage (which is done so subtly) is very powerful and therefore it deserves a closer look. So the question is ‘Do we really need another reality TV show or perhaps it’s time for a reality check?’ â€Å"Reality television is a genre of television programming which generally is unscripted, documenting actual events over fiction and featuring ‘ordinary’ people over professional actors.† . Reality TV has appeared following the creation of television broadcasting in the 1940s. What we know of as reality TV now started with such shows as â€Å"Candid Camera† (1948). Reality TV programs are rapidly developing and gaining more and more popularity changing contents of the programs according to time changes: participants become more opened to the viewers—which attracts constant interest to reality shows. The most popular reality TV shows today are: â€Å"The Bachelor†, â€Å"Who Wants to Marry a Millionaire†, â€Å"Survivor†. All over the world, on multiple TV-channels, millions of people are watching the products of reality TV. Reality shows are covering most valuable aspects of life: family relationships, love, and money. The main purposes of those shows are either fun, or competition amusement. So here is the true reality behind reality TV. Reality TV, which is in the business of making us feel good rather than be good, actually contributes to the growing problems in our society by celebrating human weakness rather than hum an excellence. Reality TV doesn’t empower us, but rather overpowers us by taking our innate power and inner knowing and spirituality away from us, leaving us feeling insecure, inadequate, less fulfilled, isolated and confused by virtue of the promotion of anti-social behavior, excessive self-indulgence, self-entitlement, greed, compromised integrity, obsession with winning at  all costs, and erosion in morality. All reality shows have their own level of gossip, some more than others. The Housewives series are known for carrying with them a swirl of scandal ranging from cheating husbands, missing child support and even suicides. Courtroom shows like â€Å"People’s Court† and â€Å"Divorce Court† also brings drama to viewers as cases of divorce, property damage and landlord negligence lead to explosive episodes of screaming matches and much mallet smashing. Although none of us wish to be tied up in such hairy messes and sticky situations, it is amusing to watch others ba ttle it out in what can be considered no less than a complete display of trashy behavior. We like to know what is going on behind closed doors and if it involves some type of controversy, that just makes it all the more intriguing. The Real World is often created with being the first reality tv show, but you can go back even further to the Fifties when Candid Camera first aired. It was a show of regular people put in adverse, funny situations and we got to see how they reacted first hand. We love Candid Camera. It ran in some form for fifteen seasons, spawned countless other shows (America’s Funniest Home Videos, Kids Say the Darndest Things and the latest, Punk’d) and will probably come back in some form in the future. Americans also love game shows, which can be compared to reality TV shows. We love to watch people win or lose fortunes within thirty minutes and see how they react to that and each other. Perhaps Dr. Annette Hill, a researcher at the University of Westminster put it best when asked by BBC News why reality TV shows were so popular – â €Å"†We found that, in general, people like to see what happens behind the scenes.† Some shows, such as Deadliest Catch, give us a glimpse into something we might never know about such as the dangerous lives of crab fisherman. Reality TV is at times so utterly fabricated that viewers can’t help but enjoy a different â€Å"reality† from their own. Whether you favor watching reality shows of the rich and famous, the survivors, or the love birds, all anyone wants is an escape from what becomes a monotonous routine. If from such outright mind-numbing shows we can gain either steadfast motivation to become wealthy ourselves or simply affirmation that we are not as screwed up as we think (compared to the nut-jobs on the screen), then I think the hour of reality TV is well spent. Of course, everything looks better through a clear window. So, if you have to watch reality TV smut, at least watch it on any HD service really. You can see all of their REAL wrinkles and cellulite! So what does this actually say about our American culture? Some may believe that our culture can be naà ¯ve and nosey. We enjoy looking into others lives and personal business as and use to their real life dilemmas as entertainment. It’s also fair to say that we are a culture that enjoys other people’s drama. The more fighting and arguing the show has the more we want to watch it. There are critics who judge reality TV and their arguments are worth of attention. Contemporary reality shows are harmful for what they teach the audience. There is an emotional abuse when certain participants fail to win, there is a psychological trauma on the side of viewers when something happens not as they have expected. Physical beauty is presented to be more important than cleverness and intelligence, feelings and emotions are common. If reality TV is so popular, why does most critical commentary regard in a negative light? Traditionally, documentary is considered a â€Å"sober† genre with a strong tradition of social commentary, while reality TV is seems as a trivial one. However, the increase of new hybrids formats blurs this idea finding documentaries based on entertainment and reality shows based on social issues. â€Å"New hybrid versions of documentary and reality television produce a new kind of public sphere in which shared knowledge and the experience of the everyday take centre stage†, Reality TV has broken the boundary between private and public. Audience wants to feel the guilty pleasure, a voyeuristic experience, of feeling part of ordinary people’s lives and them demands to watch it on television. According to Baudrillard, this idea is based on â€Å"a kind of primal pleasure, of anthropological joy in images, a kind of brute fascination unencumbered by aesthetic, moral, social or political judgments† . We have always been interested in other people’s liv es because they are a reflection of our own lives, our own ordinariness. Baudrillard suggests that images â€Å"are immoral, and that their fundamental power lies in this immorality. When you consider the magnitude of the challenges that are facing America today, it becomes obvious that what we need is certainly not another mind-numbing reality TV show, but rather a good reality check. Whether we recognize it or not, America is in desperate need of healing and true revival. It needs a jump-start, not only in the economy, but most importantly a jump-start in the spirit. After all, we are only as strong as our spirit, because when the spirit is weak it’s easier to  become overwhelmed by what life throws our way. But when the spirit is strong, no turbulences can affect us, much like a ship in the vast ocean that can sail smoothly as long as there are no holes in it to make it sink. America could use a reality check if only to reexamine our value system, which is out of balance and has led to social ills and failing systems and institutions. In a conflicted state of uncertainty, doubt and fear, it’s only natural for people to feel overwhelmed, wishing to escape from reality. However, reality TV proves only an artificial relief. It’s obvious that we are looking for love (real joy, fulfillment, meaning and purpose) in all the wrong places. In a culture that demands instant gratification, and relief from everyday anxieties, a quick fix (for coping), seems to be the chosen drug of choice. So now for that reality check; the reality is that the prevailing mentality in American society today is ‘more is better,’ acquiring external riches as opposed to internal riches and that you can get something for nothing. There is a sense of entitlement and an expectation of wanting the good life without having to work hard for it. This is reinforced, glorified and perpetuated by the media with shows like ‘The Lifestyle of The Rich and Famous.’ When all you see is glamour, but not the hard work and sacrifice that goes into achieving success, it only inspires more envy and the desire for a ‘get rich quick’ scheme leading to the erosion of morality and integrity. Works Cited Baudrillard. Represetning Reality. 1991. Bignell, J. Reality TV in the Twenty first Century. New York: Plagrave MacMillan, 2005. en.wikipedia.org. N0vember 2012. Nichols, B. Representing Reality Issues and Concepts in Documentary. 1991.

Effect of Institutional racism on Essay

Racism is the discrimination or negative attitude of people against other people purely because of their race. Institutional racism is a form of racism structured into political and social institutions. The institutions include schools and collages, while political include government and other government Parastatals or corporation. The consequence of this kind of social segregation is always negative. It some times leads to wars, hatred and in some instances low self esteem by the subject in this case. Racial discrimination stated long ago and its effect has always been negative. In page 3 of The Guardian that is dated 5th September 2008. The heading of the newspaper is: â€Å"Black Caribbean children held back by institutional racism in schools, says study† written by Editor Polly Curtis. The essence of the story in this case is to highlight the rampant racial discrimination of Caribbean children in English schools. This has largely undermined their academic and social life, further researcher had uncovered evidence that teachers routinely under-estimate the abilities of some black pupils, suggesting that assumptions about behavioural problems have overshadowed their academic talents. The findings on a survey which tracked 15,000 pupils through their education also add weight to the theory that low achievement among some black students is worsened because teachers don’t expect them to succeed. This relates well to the topic of Institutional racism because in this case racism is in a school setting where all pupils are supposed to be treated fairly irrespective of their race. But in this case black Caribbean’s are discriminated upon and this has subsequently resulted to their poor performance in school. The significance of this story in the Guardian is to put in light what is happening among the students in this particular school concerning the racism issue. This is elaborated by the statistics that show how racism has affected the black Caribbean in this particular school. Such as a third of capable black Caribbean pupils are not entered to take the hardest papers in tests at 14. Hence the issue being addressed by this statistics is institutional racism in English schools. This story affects me in different ways, its sad to note that at this age people are still being judged by the color of their skin rather than by their character and abilities. It frustrates me to hinder other people from achieving their full potential because of racism. In my point of view, its vital to note that none of us decided their race and that all humans are created equal and their variation in melanin content should never be a judgment factor but rather an ideology of the past. It’s vital for people to know that our abilities, talents are independent of our skin color. This story not only affects me but it also affects the society involved because they loose potential people in from optimizing their potential because of their unworthy discrimination of their color. This story encourages me to do something different by advocating against racial discrimination not only in schools but rather in the entire society. I will accomplish this by giving examples of how people of different races have won the Nobel peace price. Whites, Blacks, Asians have won the price. This vehemently states that the color of our skin has nothing to do with our ability. Sources Polly Curtis, Black Caribbean children held back by institutional racism in schools, says study The guardian newspaper on the web 5th September 2008

How did the design of the Colosseum relate to its public function and to its symbolic meaning Essays

How did the design of the Colosseum relate to its public function and to its symbolic meaning Essays How did the design of the Colosseum relate to its public function and to its symbolic meaning Paper How did the design of the Colosseum relate to its public function and to its symbolic meaning Paper next was the Ionic order which was slender and above that was the Corinthian , which was the most noticeably slender of all. The Articulation of the Colosseum added to its delight as hugely decorated walls seemed inviting, making it seem welcome and not so imposing but also added to the beauty of the building. The symmetry of the exterior with the use of columns and entablatures added to its appeal. The symbolic meaning of the Colosseum as a statement of imperial splendour was further enhanced by its size and its location in the centre of the city, placing it literally and symbolically in the centre of Rome. What attitude towards the Roman games did the ancient writers express? How would you account for the differences and similarities between these attitudes? The Games were an integral part of the Roman way of life for over 500 years. They were a way of expressing Roman citizenship and a celebration of the power and wealth of the Roman Empire. They were an important factor in reinforcing the might of the Empire. There were a variety of viewpoints in the attitudes towards the Roman games expressed by ancient writers. The backing of the Emperor was an element of the games that was seen to be politically wise to praise. Martialis shamelessly flatters his patron Domitian, A treacherous lion had harmed his master with his ingrate mouth, daring to violate the hands he knew so well: but he paid a fitting penalty. Martial is praising the use of public executions played out in the amphitheatre. He also is in awe of the fast moving sets and scenery, But a short while hence you will be saying: Here but lately was the sea. He seems wholeheartedly in favour of the games and sees no wrong in the public executions, wild beast attacking criminals and the public displays of sexual intercourse. However in stark contrast to Martialiss view, Apeleius seems tormented and utterly horrified with the events about to take place in the arena, besides the contagion of the damnable polluted woman, I was greatly tormented by the fear of death. It could be argued that the differences in opinion could be due to the fact that Martialis narrates as a spectator, whereas Apeleius makes the events more personal and brings them to life by narrating them in the first person, making them seen even more gruesome and horrendous. Apeleius seems repulsed at the extravagance yet also in awe of the might and generosity of Demochares preparing for a public show, He lavishly tended and fed all those bears with the utmost care. You could see the animal wreckage of their moribund carcasses lying scattered in most of the streets. Pliny expresses positive views of the games and expresses admiration for the way in which they are executed well, much like the views of Martialis, You have also done admirably in giving the show so readily and on such a lavish scale, for this indicates a true sense of generosity. Pliny was senator in Rome so his political allegiance to the Emperor influenced his opinions of the Games. Suetonius again seems impressed by the games and events that take place in the Colosseum. He was a member of the upper class so had a strong affiliation with the Emperor which would seem a likely reason for his positive comments. The whole body of the people in particular he treated with such indulgence on all occasions, Suetonius seems to imply that the Emperor was most benevolent and was constantly seeking to please his spectators. Although Cicero was a politician, publicly he stated a positive interest in the games, but privately he seemed to be repulsed by the vulgarity and brutality of them. The extract to a friend expresses his shame and resignation to the fact that the games will continue, And we who were there saw nothing new. But what pleasure can it be to a man of refinement when either a powerless man is torn by a very powerful beast. In the Tusculan Disputations, Cicero tries to justify the Games but one cant help but think that he is grappling with his conscience. His comment about how the games where criminals killed one another in some way acted as a deterrent for others. At least among those addressed not to the ears but to the eyes. Statius a writer for the Emperors court expresses his views rather emotionally, making the games seem more than just an event. He discusses in detail the effect the slayings have on the Emperor, the loss of one lion alone drew a tear from mighty Caesars eye. He almost brings the event to life, writing of the slow death and bravery of the lion. Senecas views are refreshingly honest; he is able to be as frank as he virtually ruled Rome for five years on behalf of Emperor Nero. This would explain his views; his dialogue implies the games were put on to satisfy the masses, it is they that wanted the butchery and slayings. He implies the masses are creatures of ill repute associating with crowds is dangerous: someone is bound to seduce us with some vice. He refers to his immortal god which is rare as all the other writers refer to no higher being than the Emperor. Seneca seems to understand the minds of the masses and understands the need for such events, but is also aware that the games are only possible due to the participants being almost wild and untamed, be they human or animal, Give the Immortal Gods thanks that you are giving a lesson in cruelty to a man who cannot learn it. The last extract by St Augustine implies the game were wicked and evil, turning the good into bad and condemning their souls forever. He implies that the games were addictive and turned even the hardiest opponents. They became so embedded in the souls of the spectators that they were almost like addicts, not satisfied until their next dosage. In conclusion the overall impression is that the ancient writers expressed their views in correlation to their political affiliations. The main body of comments seem to find something positive in the games, and present them as a much needed part of Roman Society, to ensure the masses had a means of escapism from everyday toils. It was an effective and successful way of controlling crime, and maintaining order and control in society.

Just like A Tree essays

Just like A Tree essays Just like a tree thats standing by the water, we shall not be moved. We remember singing that song while attending Clarendon school district 1 in Summerton, SC. Hello, my name is Sabrina H. and I am a graduate of the historic Scotts Branch High school. In recent news specials on the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling, one key element was left out. It is of one of the cases that were included in the Brown vs. Board of Education; Briggs vs. Elliot. The struggle that was started then is still a focus for me and my Summerton community. I understand that the prettiest story with the happiest ending is what historians share. We, in Summerton share and remember a different story. My only concern with the issue is how we have been left behind? Summerton has been left behind. The mentality of the older residence is that of complacency. My generation (generation X) has no direction because we are in search of a Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. How do I explain to them in a way that is not intimidating that the civil rights movement is not our movement? We have so many other focuses. Our children look to us for direction but we only know what we have seen. The town of Summerton is like no other I have seen. The high school that I graduated from has not had a white graduate since the Brown vs. Board of education ruling. When prompted to integrate, those that were not in favor started their own school. The ruling was a spring board for Topeka, Kansas, but it is evident that change was not welcome in Summerton, SC. I call it legal segregation. I did not believe that it was possible to be a product of your environment, but this situation has caused me to reevaluate my beliefs in that area. I can now conceive how a person can be a part of something so long that they adapt because no sign of change is in sight. How could we have been left behind? I shed a tear as I type only because the celebrations that were recently ...

An analysis of COCACOLAs current strategic position, and how COCACOLA Essay

An analysis of COCACOLAs current strategic position, and how COCACOLA will develop these strategies in the future.THIS is an individually written report - Essay Example Coca Cola has around 16 million clients all over the world. The management concentrates more on enhancing the values for their clientele and aiding their beverages business to grow. Moreover the management is working hard to understand their cliental needs whether the customer is classy retailer in industrial market or a risk owner in rising markets. The basic key or strategy is that they place right product in right market at right time. This indicates that geographically company's market is vast & the management has huge control on its market. As carbonated drinks are the highly productive segment so the company emphasis more in its production and promotion as it brings larger portion of their revenue from overall sales The Coca Cola Company currently has different brands in the market worlds wide. The company not only a big manufactures of carbonated drinks but also manufacture juices, water and other drinks. The key for launching any new brand in the market is the culture of the country. Strategic Planning is the tool which a management used to considerate it future course of action. In any business strategic planning is the tool of giving the right directions to the management .the management emphasis on how to apply different strategies in order to expand the business, which policies suits best in all the areas of the business and what are the potentials and how to use them. FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES BY COCA COLA: The

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Marketing Plan - Essay Example has more distinctive products than McDonalds; it has fewer items on the menu, as it focuses more on individual products. It should be highlighted that McDonalds also use traditional print, electronic and radio media followed by internet and new media for publicity and promotion. The company also initiated a promotional campaign named â€Å"I’m Lovin’ it†, sponsored Olympic athletes, host charitable events, Social media etc. to entice maximum customers towards its stores. KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is an American international food seller that has established more than 15,000 KFC outlets across 109 countries and territories around the world. Indeed, the business serves an estimated 12 million customers each day at its stores. The business is an important competitor of Carl’s Jr. because it offers various similar products. The company has an advertising budget of over $1 billion and sales revenue of $11 billion in 2009 that shows its financial strength and brand acceptance among fast food lovers. In addition, KFC also utilizes all traditional and social media channels. KFC focuses on Product and Market Development through induction of new recipes and food products (such as fiery wings) in its portfolio. Indeed, it launched promotional campaigns including free vouchers, Family Feast Combo, free gifts, KFC buckets, KFC cricket promotion etc. to tempt customers towards its stores. (KFC.com) Hungry Jack is a subsidiary of Burger King Incorporation and it is operational in Australia since 1971. The company has strong brand recognition and establishment in Australia with over 300 stores in 2010. The franchise is unique in a way that it offers a complete range of breakfast, hamburgers, chicken meals, desserts, drinks, sides / salad and kids’ meals to its valued customers. Indeed, the company advertises heavily on electronic media to lure food freaks. Indeed, Hungry Jacks advertises heavily on electronic media for sales promotion campaigns. In addition, the